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Spis treści CCNA Official Exam Certification Library: 158720181X Foreword Introduction Part I: LAN Switching Chapter 1 Virtual LANs "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 5 Foundation Topics 9 Virtual LAN Concepts Trunking with ISL and 802.1Q ISL IEEE 802.1Q ISL and 802.1Q Compared IP Subnets and VLANs VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) Normal VTP Operation Using VTP Server and Client Modes Three Requirements for VTP to Work Between Two Switches Avoiding VTP by Using VTP Transparent Mode Storing VLAN Configuration VTP Versions VTP Pruning Summary of VTP Features VLAN and VLAN Trunking Configuration and Verification Creating VLANs and Assigning Access VLANs to an Interface VLAN Configuration Example 1: Full VLAN Configuration VLAN Configuration Example 2: Shorter VLAN Configuration VLAN Trunking Configuration Controlling Which VLANs Can Be Supported on a Trunk Trunking to Cisco IP Phones Securing VLANs and Trunking VTP Configuration and Verification Using VTP: Configuring Servers and Clients Caveats When Moving Away from Default VTP Configuration Avoiding VTP: Configuring Transparent Mode Troubleshooting VTP Determining Why VTP Is Not Currently Working Problems When Connecting New Switches and Bringing Up Trunks Avoiding VTP Problems Through Best Practices Exam Preparation Tasks Review All the Key Topics Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory Definitions of Key Terms Command Reference to Check Your Memory Chapter 2 Spanning Tree Protocol "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Spanning Tree Protocol (IEEE 802.1d) The Need for Spanning Tree What IEEE 802.1d Spanning Tree Does How Spanning Tree Works The STP Bridge ID and Hello BPDU Electing the Root Switch Choosing Each Switch's Root Port Choosing the Designated Port on Each LAN Segment Reacting to Changes in the Network Optional STP Features EtherChannel PortFast STP Security Rapid STP (IEEE 802.1w) RSTP Link and Edge Types RSTP Port States RSTP Port Roles RSTP Convergence Edge-Type Behavior and PortFast Link-Type Shared Link-Type Point-to-Point An Example of Speedy RSTP Convergence STP Configuration and Verification Multiple Instances of STP Configuration Options That Influence the Spanning Tree Topology The Bridge ID and System ID Extension Per-VLAN Port Costs STP Configuration Option Summary Verifying Default STP Operation Configuring STP Port Costs and Switch Priority Configuring PortFast and BPDU Guard Configuring EtherChannel Configuring RSTP STP Troubleshooting Determining the Root Switch Determining the Root Port on Nonroot Switches Determining the Designated Port on Each LAN Segment STP Convergence Exam Preparation Tasks Review All the Key Topics Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory Definitions of Key Terms Command Reference to Check Your Memory Chapter 3 Troubleshooting LAN Switching "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Generalized Troubleshooting Methodologies Analyzing and Predicting Normal Network Operation Data Plane Analysis Control Plane Analysis Predicting Normal Operations: Summary of the Process Problem Isolation Root Cause Analysis Real World Versus the Exams Troubleshooting the LAN Switching Data Plane An Overview of the Normal LAN Switch Forwarding Process Step 1: Confirm the Network Diagrams Using CDP Step 2: Isolate Interface Problems Interface Status Codes and Reasons for Nonworking States The notconnect State and Cabling Pinouts Interface Speed and Duplex Issues Step 3: Isolate Filtering and Port Security Problems Step 4: Isolate VLAN and Trunking Problems Ensuring That the Right Access Interfaces Are in the Right VLANs Access VLANs Not Being Defined or Being Active Identify Trunks and VLANs Forwarded on Those Trunks Example: Troubleshooting the Data Plane Step 1: Verify the Accuracy of the Diagram Using CDP Step 2: Check for Interface Problems Step 3: Check for Port Security Problems Step 4: Check for VLAN and VLAN Trunk Problems Predicting Normal Operation of the LAN Switching Data Plane PC1 Broadcast in VLAN 1 Forwarding Path: Unicast from R1 to PC1 Exam Preparation Tasks Review All the Key Topics Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory Part II: IP Routing Chapter 4 IP Routing: Static and Connected Routes "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics IP Routing and Addressing IP Routing IP Addressing and Subnetting IP Forwarding by Matching the Most Specific Route DNS, DHCP, ARP, and ICMP Fragmentation and MTU Routes to Directly Connected Subnets Secondary IP Addressing Supporting Connected Routes to Subnet Zero ISL and 802.1Q Configuration on Routers Static Routes Configuring Static Routes The Extended ping Command Static Default Routes Default Routes Using the ip route Command Default Routes Using the ip default-network Command Default Route Summary Classful and Classless Routing Summary of the Use of the Terms Classless and Classful Classless and Classful Routing Compared Exam Preparation Tasks Review All the Key Topics Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory Definitions of Key Terms Command Reference to Check Your Memory Chapter 5 VLSM and Route Summarization "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics VLSM Classless and Classful Routing Protocols Overlapping VLSM Subnets Designing a Subnetting Scheme Using VLSM Adding a New Subnet to an Existing Design VLSM Configuration Manual Route Summarization Route Summarization Concepts Route Summarization Strategies Sample "Best" Summary on Seville Sample "Best" Summary on Yosemite Autosummarization and Discontiguous Classful Networks An Example of Autosummarization Discontiguous Classful Networks Autosummarization Support and Configuration Exam Preparation Tasks Review All the Key Topics Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory Definitions of Key Terms Read Appendix F Scenarios Command Reference to Check Your Memory Chapter 6 IP Access Control Lists "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Standard IP Access Control Lists IP Standard ACL Concepts Wildcard Masks A Quicker Alternative for Interpreting Wildcard Masks Standard IP Access List Configuration Standard IP ACL: Example 1 Standard IP ACL: Example 2 Extended IP Access Control Lists Extended IP ACL Concepts Matching TCP and UDP Port Numbers Extended IP ACL Configuration Extended IP Access Lists: Example 1 Extended IP Access Lists: Example 2 Advances in Managing ACL Configuration Named IP Access Lists Editing ACLs Using Sequence Numbers Miscellaneous ACL Topics Controlling Telnet and SSH Access with ACLs ACL Implementation Considerations Reflexive Access Lists Dynamic ACLs Time-Based ACLs Exam Preparation Tasks Review All the Key Topics Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory Read the Appendix F Scenarios Definitions of Key Terms Command Reference to Check Your Memory Chapter 7 Troubleshooting IP Routing "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics The ping and traceroute Commands Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) The ping Command and the ICMP Echo Request and Echo Reply The Destination Unreachable ICMP Message The Redirect ICMP Message The ICMP Time Exceeded Message The traceroute Command Troubleshooting the Packet Forwarding Process Isolating IP Routing Problems Related to Hosts Isolating IP Routing Problems Related to Routers Troubleshooting Scenario 1: Forward Route Problem Troubleshooting Scenario 2: Reverse Route Problem An Alternative Problem Isolation Process for Steps 3, 4, and 5 Troubleshooting Tools and Tips Host Routing Tools and Perspectives Host Troubleshooting Tips LAN Switch IP Support show ip route Reference Interface Status VLSM Issues Recognizing When VLSM Is Used Configuring Overlapping VLSM Subnets Symptoms with Overlapping Subnets VLSM Troubleshooting Summary Discontiguous Networks and Autosummary Access List Troubleshooting Tips Exam Preparation Tasks Review All the Key Topics Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory Definitions of Key Terms Part III: Routing Protocols Configuration and Troubleshooting Chapter 8 Routing Protocol Theory "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Dynamic Routing Protocol Overview Routing Protocol Functions Interior and Exterior Routing Protocols Comparing IGPs IGP Routing Protocol Algorithms Metrics IGP Comparisons: Summary Administrative Distance Distance Vector Routing Protocol Features The Concept of a Distance and a Vector Distance Vector Operation in a Stable Network Distance Vector Loop Prevention Route Poisoning Problem: Counting to Infinity over a Single Link Split Horizon Poison Reverse and Triggered Updates Problem: Counting to Infinity in a Redundant Network The Holddown Process and Holddown Timer Distance Vector Summary Link-State Routing Protocol Features Building the Same LSDB on Every Router Applying Dijkstra SPF Math to Find the Best Routes Convergence with Link-State Protocols Summary and Comparisons to Distance Vector Protocols Exam Preparation Tasks Review All the Key Topics Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory Definitions of Key Terms Command Reference to Check Your Memory Chapter 9 OSPF "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics OSPF Protocols and Operation OSPF Neighbors Identifying OSPF Routers with a Router ID Meeting Neighbors by Saying Hello Potential Problems in Becoming a Neighbor Neighbor States OSPF Topology Database Exchange Overview of the OSPF Database Exchange Process Choosing a Designated Router Database Exchange Maintaining the LSDB While Being Fully Adjacent Summary of Neighbor States Building the IP Routing Table Scaling OSPF Through Hierarchical Design OSPF Areas OSPF Area Design Advantages OSPF Configuration OSPF Single-Area Configuration OSPF Configuration with Multiple Areas Configuring the OSPF Router ID OSPF Hello and Dead Timers OSPF Metrics (Cost) OSPF Authentication OSPF Load Balancing Exam Preparation Tasks Review All the Key Topics Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory Definitions of Key Terms Command Reference to Check Your Memory Chapter 10 EIGRP "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics EIGRP Concepts and Operation EIGRP Neighbors Exchanging EIGRP Topology Information Calculating the Best Routes for the Routing Table Feasible Distance and Reported Distance Caveats with Bandwidth on Serial Links EIGRP Convergence EIGRP Successors and Feasible Successors The Query and Reply Process EIGRP Summary and Comparisons with OSPF EIGRP Configuration and Verification Basic EIGRP Configuration EIGRP Metrics, Successors, and Feasible Successors Creating and Viewing a Feasible Successor Route Convergence Using the Feasible Successor Route EIGRP Authentication EIGRP Maximum Paths and Variance Tuning the EIGRP Metric Calculation Exam Preparation Tasks Review All the Key Topics Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory Definitions of Key Terms Command Reference to Check Your Memory Chapter 11 Troubleshooting Routing Protocols "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Perspectives on Troubleshooting Routing Protocol Problems Interfaces Enabled with a Routing Protocol EIGRP Interface Troubleshooting Example OSPF Interface Troubleshooting Example Neighbor Relationships EIGRP Neighbor Requirements OSPF Neighbor Requirements OSPF Neighbor Example 1 OSPF Neighbor Example 2 The MTU Matching Requirement Exam Preparation Tasks Review All the Key Topics Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory Command Reference to Check Your Memory Part IV: Wide-Area Networks Chapter 12 Point-to-Point WANs "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics PPP Concepts The PPP Protocol Field PPP Link Control Protocol (LCP) Looped Link Detection Enhanced Error Detection PPP Multilink PPP Authentication PPP Configuration Basic PPP Configuration CHAP Configuration and Verification PAP Configuration Troubleshooting Serial Links Troubleshooting Layer 1 Problems Troubleshooting Layer 2 Problems Keepalive Failure PAP and CHAP Authentication Failure Troubleshooting Layer 3 Problems Exam Preparation Tasks Review All the Key Topics Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory Definitions of Key Terms Command Reference to Check Your Memory Chapter 13 Frame Relay Concepts "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Frame Relay Overview Frame Relay Standards Virtual Circuits LMI and Encapsulation Types Frame Relay Addressing Frame Relay Local Addressing Frame Relay Global Addressing Network Layer Concerns with Frame Relay Frame Relay Layer 3 Addressing: One Subnet Containing All Frame Relay DTEs Frame Relay Layer 3 Addressing: One Subnet Per VC Frame Relay Layer 3 Addressing: Hybrid Approach Layer 3 Broadcast Handling Controlling Speed and Discards in the Frame Relay Cloud FECN and BECN The Discard Eligibility (DE) Bit Exam Preparation Tasks Review All the Key Topics Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory Definitions of Key Terms Chapter 14 Frame Relay Configuration and Troubleshooting "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Frame Relay Configuration and Verification Planning a Frame Relay Configuration A Fully Meshed Network with One IP Subnet Configuring the Encapsulation and LMI Frame Relay Address Mapping Inverse ARP Static Frame Relay Mapping A Partially Meshed Network with One IP Subnet Per VC Assigning a DLCI to a Particular Subinterface Comments About Global and Local Addressing Frame Relay Verification A Partially Meshed Network with Some Fully Meshed Parts Frame Relay Troubleshooting A Suggested Frame Relay Troubleshooting Process Layer 1 Issues on the Access Link (Step 1) Layer 2 Issues on the Access Link (Step 2) PVC Problems and Status (Step 3) Find the Connected Subnet and Outgoing Interface (Steps 3a and 3b) Find the PVCs Assigned to That Interface (Step 3c) Determine Which PVC Is Used to Reach a Particular Neighbor (Step 3d) PVC Status Subinterface Status Frame Relay Mapping Issues (Step 4) End-to-End Encapsulation (Step 5) Mismatched Subnet Numbers (Step 6) Exam Preparation Tasks Review All the Key Topics Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory Read the Appendix F Scenarios Command Reference to Check Your Memory Chapter 15 Virtual Private Networks "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics VPN Fundamentals IPsec VPNs IPsec Encryption IPsec Key Exchange IPsec Authentication and Message Integrity The ESP and AH Security Protocols IPsec Implementation Considerations SSL VPNs Exam Preparation Tasks Review All the Key Topics Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory Definitions of Key Terms Part V: Scaling the IP Address Space Chapter 16 Network Address Translation "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Perspectives on IPv4 Address Scalability CIDR Route Aggregation for Shorter Routing Tables IPv4 Address Conservation Private Addressing Network Address Translation Concepts Static NAT Dynamic NAT Overloading NAT with Port Address Translation (PAT) Translating Overlapping Addresses NAT Configuration and Troubleshooting Static NAT Configuration Dynamic NAT Configuration NAT Overload (PAT) Configuration NAT Troubleshooting Exam Preparation Tasks Review All the Key Topics Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory Definitions of Key Terms Command Reference to Check Your Memory Chapter 17 IP Version 6 "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz Foundation Topics Global Unicast Addressing, Routing, and Subnetting Global Route Aggregation for Efficient Routing Conventions for Representing IPv6 Addresses Conventions for Writing IPv6 Prefixes Global Unicast Prefix Assignment Example Subnetting Global Unicast IPv6 Addresses Inside an Enterprise Prefix Terminology IPv6 Protocols and Addressing DHCP for IPv6 IPv6 Host Address Assignment The IPv6 Interface ID and EUI-64 Format Static IPv6 Address Configuration Stateless Autoconfiguration and Router Advertisements IPv6 Address Configuration Summary Discovering the Default Router with NDP Learning the IP Address(es) of DNS Servers IPv6 Addresses Unicast IPv6 Addresses Multicast and Other Special IPv6 Addresses Summary of IP Protocols and Addressing Configuring IPv6 Routing and Routing Protocols IPv6 Routing Protocols IPv6 Configuration IPv6 Transition Options IPv4/IPv6 Dual Stacks Tunneling Translating Between IPv4 and IPv6 with NAT-PT Transition Summary Exam Preparation Tasks Review All the Key Topics Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory Definitions of Key Terms Command Reference to Check Your Memory Part VI: Final Preparation Chapter 18 Final Preparation Tools for Final Preparation Exam Engine and Questions on the CD Install the Software from the CD Activate and Download the Practice Exam Activating Other Exams The Cisco CCNA Prep Center Subnetting Videos, Reference Pages, and Practice Problems Scenarios Study Plan Recall the Facts Practice Subnetting Build Troubleshooting Skills Using Scenarios Use the Exam Engine Choosing Study or Simulation Mode Choosing the Right Exam Option Summary Part VII: Appendixes Appendix A Answers to the "Do I Know This Already?" Quizzes Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Appendix B Decimal to Binary Conversion Table Appendix C ICND2 Exam Updates: Version 1.0 Glossary Index Part VIII: CD-Only Appendix D Subnetting Practice Appendix E Subnetting Reference Pages Appendix F Additional Scenarios Appendix G Video Scenario Reference Appendix H ICND1 Chapter 12: IP Addressing and Subnetting Appendix I ICND1 Chapter 17: WAN Configuration Appendix J Memory Tables Appendix K Memory Tables Answer Key Appendix L ICND2 Open-Ended Questions 1587201828 Part I Networking Fundamentals 3 Chapter 1 Introduction to Computer Networking Concepts 5 Perspectives on Networking 5 The Flintstones Network: The First Computer Network? 8 Chapter 2 The TCP/IP and OSI Networking Models 17 "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 18 Foundation Topics 21 The TCP/IP Protocol Architecture 22 The TCP/IP Application Layer 23 The TCP/IP Transport Layer 25 The TCP/IP Internet Layer 27 The TCP/IP Network Access Layer 28 Data Encapsulation Terminology 30 The OSI Reference Model 32 Comparing OSI and TCP/IP 32 OSI Layers and Their Functions 34 OSI Layering Concepts and Benefits 35 OSI Encapsulation Terminology 36 Exam Preparation Tasks 38 Review all the Key Topics 38 Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 38 Definitions of Key Terms 38 OSI Reference 39 Chapter 3 Fundamentals of LANs 41 "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 41 Foundation Topics 45 An Overview of Modern Ethernet LANs 45 A Brief History of Ethernet 48 The Original Ethernet Standards: 10BASE2 and 10BASE5 48 Repeaters 50 Building 10BASE-T Networks with Hubs 51 Ethernet UTP Cabling 52 UTP Cables and RJ-45 Connectors 52 Transmitting Data Using Twisted Pairs 54 UTP Cabling Pinouts for 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX 55 1000BASE-T Cabling 58 Improving Performance by Using Switches Instead of Hubs 58 Increasing Available Bandwidth Using Switches 61 Doubling Performance by Using Full-Duplex Ethernet 62 Ethernet Layer 1 Summary 63 Ethernet Data-Link Protocols 63 Ethernet Addressing 64 Ethernet Framing 65 Identifying the Data Inside an Ethernet Frame 67 Error Detection 68 Exam Preparation Tasks 69 Review All the Key Topics 69 Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 69 Definitions of Key Terms 69 Chapter 4 Fundamentals of WANs 71 "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 71 Foundation Topics 74 OSI Layer 1 for Point-to-Point WANs 74 WAN Connections from the Customer Viewpoint 77 WAN Cabling Standards 78 Clock Rates, Synchronization, DCE, and DTE 80 Building a WAN Link in a Lab 81 Link Speeds Offered by Telcos 82 OSI Layer 2 for Point-to-Point WANs 83 HDLC 83 Point-to-Point Protocol 85 Point-to-Point WAN Summary 85 Frame Relay and Packet-Switching Services 86 The Scaling Benefits of Packet Switching 86 Frame Relay Basics 87 Exam Preparation Tasks 91 Review All the Key Topics 91 Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 91 Definitions of Key Terms 91 Chapter 5 Fundamentals of IP Addressing and Routing 93 "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 93 Foundation Topics 98 Overview of Network Layer Functions 98 Routing (Forwarding) 99 PC1's Logic: Sending Data to a Nearby Router 100 R1 and R2's Logic: Routing Data Across the Network 100 R3's Logic: Delivering Data to the End Destination 100 Network Layer Interaction with the Data Link Layer 101 IP Packets and the IP Header 102 Network Layer (Layer 3) Addressing 103 Routing Protocols 104 IP Addressing 105 IP Addressing Definitions 105 How IP Addresses Are Grouped 106 Classes of Networks 107 The Actual Class A, B, and C Network Numbers 109 IP Subnetting 110 IP Routing 114 Host Routing 114 Router Forwarding Decisions and the IP Routing Table 115 IP Routing Protocols 118 Network Layer Utilities 121 Address Resolution Protocol and the Domain Name System 121 DNS Name Resolution 122 The ARP Process 122 Address Assignment and DHCP 123 ICMP Echo and the ping Command 125 Exam Preparation Tasks 126 Review All the Key Topics 126 Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 127 Definitions of Key Terms 127 Chapter 6 Fundamentals of TCP/IP Transport, Applications, and Security 129 "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 129 Foundation Topics 133 TCP/IP Layer 4 Protocols: TCP and UDP 133 Transmission Control Protocol 134 Multiplexing Using TCP Port Numbers 135 Popular TCP/IP Applications 138 Error Recovery (Reliability) 140 Flow Control Using Windowing 141 Connection Establishment and Termination 142 Data Segmentation and Ordered Data Transfer 144 User Datagram Protocol 145 TCP/IP Applications 146 QoS Needs and the Impact of TCP/IP Applications 146 The World Wide Web, HTTP, and SSL 149 Universal Resource Locators 150 Finding the Web Server Using DNS 150 Transferring Files with HTTP 152 Network Security 153 Perspectives on the Sources and Types of Threats 154 Firewalls and the Cisco Adaptive Security Appliance (ASA) 158 Anti-x 160 Intrusion Detection and Prevention 160 Virtual Private Networks (VPN) 161 Exam Preparation Tasks 163 Review All the Key Topics 163 Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 163 Definitions of Key Terms 163 Part II LAN Switching 165 Chapter 7 Ethernet LAN Switching Concepts 167 "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 167 Foundation Topics 171 LAN Switching Concepts 171 Historical Progression: Hubs, Bridges, and Switches 171 Switching Logic 174 The Forward Versus Filter Decision 175 How Switches Learn MAC Addresses 177 Flooding Frames 178 Avoiding Loops Using Spanning Tree Protocol 179 Internal Processing on Cisco Switches 180 LAN Switching Summary 182 LAN Design Considerations 183 Collision Domains and Broadcast Domains 183 Collision Domains 183 Broadcast Domains 184 The Impact of Collision and Broadcast Domains on LAN Design 185 Virtual LANs (VLAN) 187 Campus LAN Design Terminology 188 Ethernet LAN Media and Cable Lengths 191 Exam Preparation Tasks 194 Review All the Key Topics 194 Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 194 Definitions of Key Terms 195 Chapter 8 Operating Cisco LAN Switches 197 "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 197 Foundation Topics 200 Accessing the Cisco Catalyst 2960 Switch CLI 200 Cisco Catalyst Switches and the 2960 Switch 201 Switch Status from LEDs 202 Accessing the Cisco IOS CLI 205 CLI Access from the Console 206 Accessing the CLI with Telnet and SSH 208 Password Security for CLI Access 208 User and Enable (Privileged) Modes 210 CLI Help Features 211 The debug and show Commands 213 Configuring Cisco IOS Software 214 Configuration Submodes and Contexts 215 Storing Switch Configuration Files 217 Copying and Erasing Configuration Files 220 Initial Configuration (Setup Mode) 221 Exam Preparation Tasks 226 Review All the Key Topics 226 Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 226 Definitions of Key Terms 226 Command References 226 Chapter 9 Ethernet Switch Configuration 231 "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 231 Foundation Topics 235 Configuration of Features in Common with Routers 235 Securing the Switch CLI 235 Configuring Simple Password Security 236 Configuring Usernames and Secure Shell (SSH) 239 Password Encryption 242 The Two Enable Mode Passwords 244 Console and vty Settings 245 Banners 245 History Buffer Commands 246 The logging synchronous and exec-timeout Commands 247 LAN Switch Configuration and Operation 248 Configuring the Switch IP Address 248 Configuring Switch Interfaces 251 Port Security 253 VLAN Configuration 256 Securing Unused Switch Interfaces 259 Exam Preparation Tasks 261 Review All the Key Topics 261 Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 261 Definitions of Key Terms 262 Command References 262 Chapter 10 Ethernet Switch Troubleshooting 267 "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 267 Foundation Topics 271 Perspectives on Network Verification and Troubleshooting 271 Attacking Sim Questions 271 Simlet Questions 272 Multiple-Choice Questions 273 Approaching Questions with an Organized Troubleshooting Process 273 Isolating Problems at Layer 3, and Then at Layers 1 and 2 275 Troubleshooting as Covered in This Book 276 Verifying the Network Topology with Cisco Discovery Protocol 277 Analyzing Layer 1 and 2 Interface Status 282 Interface Status Codes and Reasons for Nonworking States 282 Interface Speed and Duplex Issues 284 Common Layer 1 Problems on Working Interfaces 287 Analyzing the Layer 2 Forwarding Path with the MAC Address Table 289 Analyzing the Forwarding Path 292 Port Security and Filtering 293 Exam Preparation Tasks 295 Review All the Key Topics 295 Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 295 Definitions of Key Terms 295 Command References 295
"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 299 Foundation Topics 302 Wireless LAN Concepts 302 Comparisons with Ethernet LANs 302 Wireless LAN Standards 304 Modes of 802.11 Wireless LANs 305 Wireless Transmissions (Layer 1) 307 Wireless Encoding and Nonoverlapping DSSS Channels 309 Wireless Interference 311 Coverage Area, Speed, and Capacity 311 Media Access (Layer 2) 314 Deploying WLANs 315 Wireless LAN Implementation Checklist 315 Step 1: Verify the Existing Wired Network 316 Step 2: Install and Configure the AP's Wired and IP Details 317 Step 3: Configure the AP's WLAN Details 317 Step 4: Install and Configure One Wireless Client 318 Step 5: Verify That the WLAN Works from the Client 319 Wireless LAN Security 320 WLAN Security Issues 320 The Progression of WLAN Security Standards 322 Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) 322 SSID Cloaking and MAC Filtering 323 The Cisco Interim Solution Between WEP and 802.11i 324 Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) 325 IEEE 802.11i and WPA-2 325 Exam Preparation Tasks 327 Review All the Key Topics 327 Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 327 Definitions of Key Terms 327 Part III IP Routing 329
"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 331 Foundation Topics 336 Exam Preparation Tools for Subnetting 336 Suggested Subnetting Preparation Plan 337 More Practice Using a Subnet Calculator 338 IP Addressing and Routing 339 IP Addressing Review 339 Public and Private Addressing 341 IP Version 6 Addressing 342 IP Subnetting Review 343 IP Routing Review 345 Math Operations Used When Subnetting 347 Converting IP Addresses and Masks from Decimal to Binary and Back Again 347 Performing a Boolean AND Operation 349 Prefix Notation/CIDR Notation 351 Binary Process to Convert Between Dotted Decimal and Prefix Notation 352 Decimal Process to Convert Between Dotted Decimal and Prefix Notation 353 Practice Suggestions 355 Analyzing and Choosing Subnet Masks 355 Analyzing the Subnet Mask in an Existing Subnet Design 356 The Three Parts: Network, Subnet, and Host 356 Binary Process: Finding the Number of Network, Subnet, and Host Bits 357 Decimal Process: Finding the Number of Network, Subnet, and Host Bits 358 Determining the Number of Subnets and Number of Hosts Per Subnet 359 Number of Subnets: Subtract 2, or Not? 360 Practice Examples for Analyzing Subnet Masks 361 Choosing a Subnet Mask that Meets Design Requirements 362 Finding the Only Possible Mask 363 Finding Multiple Possible Masks 365 Choosing the Mask that Maximizes the Number of Subnets or Hosts 366 Practice Suggestions 367 Analyzing Existing Subnets 368 Finding the Subnet Number: Binary 368 Finding the Subnet Number: Binary Shortcut 371 Finding the Subnet Broadcast Address: Binary 372 Finding the Range of Valid IP Addresses in a Subnet 375 Finding the Subnet, Broadcast Address, and Range of Addresses: Decimal Process 377 Decimal Process with Easy Masks 377 Decimal Process with Difficult Masks 378 Finding the Broadcast Address: Decimal 381 Summary of Decimal Processes to Find the Subnet, Broadcast, and Range 382 Practice Suggestions 383 Design: Choosing the Subnets of a Classful Network 384 Finding All Subnets with Fewer Than 8 Subnet Bits 384 Finding All Subnets with Exactly 8 Subnet Bits 388 Practice Suggestions 389 Finding All Subnets with More Than 8 Subnet Bits 389 More Practice Suggestions 393 Exam Preparation Tasks 394 Review All the Key Topics 394 Complete the Tables and Lists from Memory 396 Definitions of Key Terms 396 Read Appendix F Scenario 1, Part A 396 Subnetting Questions and Processes 396
"Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 399 Foundation Topics 403 Installing Cisco Routers 403 Installing Enterprise Routers 403 Cisco Integrated Services Routers 405 Physical Installation 406 Installing Internet Access Routers 407 A SOHO Installation with a Separate Switch, Router, and Cable Modem 407 A SOHO Installation with an Integrated Switch, Router, and DSL Modem 408 Regarding the SOHO Devices Used in This Book 409 Cisco Router IOS CLI 409 Comparisons Between the Switch CLI and Router CLI 410 Router Interfaces 411 Interface Status Codes 413 Router Interface IP Addresses 414 Bandwidth and Clock Rate on Serial Interfaces 415 Router Auxiliary (Aux) Port 417 Initial Configuration (Setup Mode) 417 Upgrading Cisco IOS Software and the Cisco IOS Software Boot Process 420 Upgrading a Cisco IOS Software Image into Flash Memory 420 The Cisco IOS Software Boot Sequence 423 The Three Router Operating Systems 425 The Configuration Register 425 How a Router Chooses Which OS to Load 426 The show version Command and Seeing the Configuration Register's Value 429
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