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Opis Opto Mechanical Systems Design:
After nearly two decades, Paul Yoder's Opto-Mechanical Systems Design continues to be the reference of choice for professionals fusing optical and mechanical components into advanced, high-performance instruments. Yoder's authoritative systems-oriented coverage and down-to-earth approach fosters the deep-seated knowledge needed to continually push the field to new limits. Extensively revised and updated, this Third Edition reflects the massive growth and advancement achieved in the field over the past few years. It systematically examines the building blocks for new optical instruments and details new tools and techniques for designing, building, and testing optical systems hardware. The book includes revised, broad-based standards, equations for designing 26 types of prisms and lens, mirror, and prism mounts, state-of-the-art examples of designs for large mirrors and their mounts, and an expanded chapter that consolidates information on the design and mounting of metal mirrors. New sections include special protective coatings, manufacturing techniques, mounting lenses on flexures, and techniques for aligning lenses and lens systems in addition to two new chapters: one on designing and mounting small mirrors, gratings, and pellicles; the other, on analysis methods including damage and failure analysis. Whether you are designing a high-resolution projector or the most sensitive space telescope, Opto-Mechanical Systems Design, Third Edition supplies the tools you need in a single, concise reference. Spis treści Opto Mechanical Systems Design: THE OPTO-MECHANICAL DESIGN PROCESS Introduction Conceptualization Performance Specifications and Design Constraints Preliminary Design Design Analysis and Computer Modeling Error Budgets and Tolerances Experimental Modeling Finalizing the Design Design Reviews Manufacturing the Instrument Evaluating the End Product Documenting the Design References ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES Introduction Parameters of Concern Environmental Testing of Optics References OPTO-MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MATERIALS Introduction Materials for Refracting Optics Materials for Reflecting Optics Materials for Mechanical Components Adhesives Sealants Special Coatings for Opto-Mechanical Materials Techniques for Manufacturing Opto-Mechanical Parts References MOUNTING INDIVIDUAL LENSES Introduction Considerations of Centered Optics Cost Impacts of Fabrication Tolerances Lens Weight and Center of Gravity Location Mounting Individual Low-Precision Lenses Mountings for Lenses with Curved Rims Mountings Interfacing with Spherical Surfaces Elastomeric Mountings for Lenses Mounting Lenses on Flexures Alignment of the Individual Lens Mounting Plastic Lenses References MOUNTING MULTIPLE LENSES Introduction Multielement Spacing Considerations Examples of Lens Assemblies with No Moving Parts Examples of Lens Assemblies Containing Moving Parts Lathe Assembly Techniques Microscope Objectives Assemblies Using Plastic Parts Liquid Coupling of Lenses Catadioptric Assemblies Alignment of Multi-Lens Assemblies Alignment of Reflecting Telescope Systems References MOUNTING WINDOWS AND FILTERS Introduction Conventional Window Mounts Special Window Mounts Mounts for Shells and Domes Conformal Windows Filter Mounts Windows Subject to a Pressure Differential References DESIGNING AND MOUNTING PRISMS Introduction Geometric Relationships Designs for Typical Prisms Kinematic and Semikinematic Prism Mounting Principles Mounting Prisms by Clamping Mounting Prisms by Bonding Flexure Mounts for Prisms References DESIGN AND MOUNTING SMALL, NONMETALLIC MIRRORS, GRATINGS, AND PELLICLES Introduction General Considerations Semikinematic Mountings for Small Mirrors Mounting Mirrors by Bonding Flexure Mounts for Mirrors Multiple-Mirror Mounts Mountings for Gratings Pellicle Design and Mounting References LIGHTWEIGHT NONMETALLIC MIRROR DESIGN Introduction Material Considerations Core Cell Configurations Cast Ribbed Substrates Slotted-Strut and Fused Monolithic Substrates Frit-Bonded Substrates Low-Temperature Bonded Substrates Machined-Core Substrates Contoured-Back Solid Mirror Configurations Thin Face Sheet Mirror Configurations Scaling Relationships for Lightweight Mirrors References MOUNTING LARGE, HORIZONTAL-AXIS MIRRORS Introduction General Considerations of Gravity Effects V-Type Mounts Multipoint Edge Supports The Ideal Radial Mount Mercury Tube Mounts Strap and Roller-Chain Mounts Push-Pull Mounts Comparison of Dynamic Relaxation and Finite-Element Analysis Techniques References MOUNTING LARGE VERTICAL-AXIS MIRRORS Introduction Ring Mounts Air Bag (Bladder) Mounts Multiple-Point Supports Metrology Mounts References MOUNTING LARGE, VARIABLE-ORIENTATION MIRRORS Introduction Mechanical Flotation Mounts Hydraulic/Pneumatic Mounts Center-Mounted Mirrors Mounts for Double-Arch Mirrors Bipod Mirror Mounts Thin Face Sheet Mirror Mounts Mounts for Large Space-Borne Mirrors References DESIGN AND MOUNTING OF METALLIC MIRRORS Introduction General Considerations of Metal Mirrors Aluminum Mirrors Beryllium Mirrors Mirrors Made from Other Metals Mirrors with Foam and Metal Matrix Cores Plating of Metal Mirrors Single-Point Diamond Turning of Metal Mirrors Conventional Mountings for Metal Mirrors Integral Mountings for Metal Mirrors Flexure Mountings for Larger Metal Mirrors Interfacing Multiple SPDT Components to Facilitate Assembly and Alignment References OPTICAL INSTRUMENT STRUCTURAL DESIGN Introduction Rigid Housing Configurations Modular Design Principles and Examples A Structural Design for High Shock Loading Athermalized Structural Designs Geometries for Telescope Tube Structures References ANALYSIS OF THE OPTO-MECHANICAL DESIGN Introduction Failure Predictions for Optics Stress Generation at Opto-Mechanical Interfaces Parametric Comparisons of Annular Interface Types Bending Effects Due to Offset Annular Contacts Effects of Temperature Changes Effects of Temperature Gradients Stresses in Cemented and Bonded Optics Due to Temperature Changes Some Effects of Temperature Changes on Elastomerically Mounted Lenses References APPENDIX A: UNITS AND THEIR CONVERSION APPENDIX B: SUMMARY OF METHODS FOR TESTING OPTICAL COMPONENTS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS UNDER ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS APPENDIX C: HARDNESS OF MATERIALS APPENDIX D: GLOSSARY INDEX |
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